Written by: Shafira Aghnia Winditia, MD
Supervised by: Listya Paramitha, MD
Adolescence marks a period of growth and development between childhood and adulthood. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines an adolescent as someone aged 10 to 19. Adolescence is a time of dramatic change, both physically and emotionally. One of the most noticeable changes is to the skin, which can undergo significant shifts due to hormonal changes during puberty. These include hair problems, acne, and excessive perspiration. For many teenagers, skin health becomes a major concern. Based on some studies, both eczema and sebaceous gland diseases were most prevalent in the 14–16 year old mid-adolescent age group. Understanding the causes behind these changes and adopting effective skincare habits is essential for maintaining healthy, clear skin.
Common Skin Problems in Teenagers
- Acne
During puberty, the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases more gonadotropins, which promotes the production of androgens and estrogens. The surface of sebaceous gland cells contains androgen receptors. Excess sebum production and accumulation, along with blocked sebaceous gland openings, promote bacterial colonization. This process contributes to acne breakouts.
2. Hyperhidrosis
The disorder known as hyperhidrosis is characterized by excessive sweating, which is brought on by increased sweat gland activity. Although sweat glands can be found practically anywhere on the body, their density is highest on the hands, feet, armpits, and area surrounding the groin. Excessive perspiration during puberty may have an emotional cause, but it is also linked to physiological changes that are typical of this stage.
3. Seborrheic dermatitis
Seborrheic dermatitis could be due to hormonal changes in adolescents. It is mostly caused by a combination of extrinsic clinical variables, excessive colonization with Malassezia spp., specific immunological events, and enhanced sebaceous gland activity. The classic appearance includes symmetrical, poorly-defined erythematous patches with white to yellow greasy scales. Dandruff is most likely a mild type of SD.
4. Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin condition that causes skin barrier malfunction, allergen sensitization, and recurrent infections. Itchy eczema may be exacerbated and improved in cycles. Itching and hypersensitivity to allergens and outside stimuli are characteristic symptoms of AD, which get worse during puberty. Although the exact origin of AD is unknown, current study looks into connections between skin barrier dysfunctions and genetic, immunological, and environmental variables. Sex hormones are significantly elevated after puberty. Sex hormones may therefore have a greater impact on the skin barrier or immunological responses in adults and adolescents than in children. The prevalence of allergy illnesses varies by generation, which may be related to the impact of sex hormones.
Skincare Tips for Teenagers
- Keep your skincare routine simple
In terms of skincare, less is more. Excessive product use may exacerbate acne by irritating your skin and clogging your pores. Maintaining a skincare regimen can be beneficial, and the best approach to follow any regimen is to keep it easy. It is sufficient to wash your face with micellar water or a light skin cleanser both in the morning and at night, as well as after engaging in physical activity.
2. Moisturize your skin and body regularly
One of the greatest ways to maintain hydrated and healthy skin if you have dry or eczema-prone skin is to moisturize once or twice a day. Simple formulas with minimal ingredients are preferable. If you have sensitive skin, stay away from fragranced products. Using “non-comedogenic” moisturizers, sunscreens, and makeup can also be beneficial because they are composed of substances that won’t clog or block your skin’s pores. Also, keep in mind that hydration begins within. To keep your skin looking full and radiant, try to drink eight glasses of water or more if you’re an active adolescent.
3. Use sunscreen daily
Sunscreen is an essential component of any skincare regimen because it protects the skin from UV rays, which can harm the skin, exacerbate acne, and cause skin cancer. Make sure the sunscreen you’re wearing has an SPF of 50 or higher and is broad spectrum to protect against UVA and UVB rays. When spending time outside, remember to reapply sunscreen every two hours.
4. Practice clean make up habits
There are several daily activities you can take to help ensure your makeup does not irritate your skin. When washing your face before going to bed, make sure to properly remove any makeup. Avoid sharing make-up with others and throw away old make-up if it begins to smell or look different.
5. Do not exfoliate too much
Excessive exfoliation can cause irritation and dryness to the skin, but once or twice a week can help remove dead skin cells and avoid clogged pores. To remove dead skin without causing physical irritation, look for chemical exfoliants that contain chemicals like beta hydroxy acids (BHAs) or alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs). For young skin, physical exfoliants like face scrubs or instruments that remove dead skin can be too abrasive. If you experience any irritation or pain, you should stop using it and visit a dermatologist as needed.
6. Balanced diet for healthy skin
The appearance of your skin can be improved by eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Consuming foods high in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants can help maintain a bright, healthy complexion. Limit your intake of dairy and sugar. Some studies found a connection between acne and a high sugar or dairy intake.
7. Manage stress and get enough sleep
In order to keep your skin looking its best, try to get 7 to 9 hours of sleep every night.
When to Seek Dermatological Help
If a teenager experiences persistent skin problems that doesn’t improve with over-the-counter treatments, or if the skin condition is causing emotional distress, it may be time to consult a dermatologist. Dermatologists are specialists who have received training in treating disorders of the skin, hair, and nails. They can offer expert guidance and consideration in determining the best course of action for you to address your skin issues.
References :
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- Day 1 – Adolescent skin – ACD. (2023, November 9). The Australian College of Dermatologists (ACD). https://www.dermcoll.edu.au/7-days-of-skin-health/day-1-adolescent-skin/